Pitch depends on frequency, quality depends on overtones and their relative intensities, and loudness is linked to intensity and ear sensitivity; sound level is beta = 10 log10(I/I0).

• Use this card when options mix shrill/grave words with amplitude or intensity language in the same stem.
• For loudness numericals, write I0 = 10^-12 W/m^2 before substitution and evaluate only the intensity ratio inside log10.
• Trap: students often treat high intensity as high pitch, but pitch is governed by frequency and not by intensity.

An interval is the ratio of frequencies of two notes; octave is 2:1, and major diatonic scale is formed by eight notes from key note to its octave with fixed successive ratios.

• Use ratio form f2/f1 directly; do not subtract frequencies unless the question explicitly asks frequency difference.
• In scale-table questions, verify the key note and octave pair first to anchor all intermediate notes correctly.
• Trap: reversing the ratio (f1/f2 instead of f2/f1) gives the reciprocal interval and wrong option.

Reverberation is persistence of sound due to multiple reflections; reverberation time follows Sabine law T = K V/(alpha S), where alpha is absorption coefficient.

• When speech clarity is poor because persistence is long, choose methods that increase effective absorption alpha S.
• Heavy curtains, absorbing wall material, and audience occupancy reduce reverberation time by increasing total absorption.
• Trap: reverberation is not echo from a single distant reflector; it is cumulative persistence from many reflections.