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Angle of Contact

NEET > Physics > Properties of Bulk Matter > Surface Tension > Angle of Contact

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Overview content

Topic 6 of 8 • Chapter: Surface Tension • Physics

Angle of Contact – Complete Notes, Revision, Important Questions & Downloads

This topic contains two TOC blocks, Definition and Classification and Shape of Liquid Meniscus. NEET tests this topic through acute-versus-obtuse contact angle, wetting versus non-wetting behaviour, standard liquid-solid pairs such as water-glass and mercury-glass, and the force-balance idea that decides whether the meniscus becomes concave, plane, or convex. The OCR keeps the logic concrete: angle of contact is measured inside the liquid, its value is characteristic of a given liquid-solid pair, and the free surface stays perpendicular to the resultant of adhesion and cohesion. If you connect those three statements, most MCQs become interpretation questions rather than memorised exceptions.

⬇ Download Notes PDFView Important Questions →
Definition BasedWetting LogicMeniscus Shape
Expected QuestionsQ
0-1
Usually appears as a direct statement-based MCQ comparing water, mercury, wetting, and the shape of the meniscus.
Time Required⏱
40 min
About 15 minutes for the definition and standard examples, and 25 minutes for the adhesion-cohesion force picture behind the meniscus shape.
Difficulty⚡
Easy-Medium
The formulas are light, but students lose marks by measuring the angle outside the liquid or by reversing the wetting rule.
NRI USA Curriculum GapUS
Gap
Many introductory courses mention meniscus qualitatively, but NEET expects exact pairwise examples, impurity and temperature trends, and Young's equation in compact form.
2Subtopics
4Practice Questions
2Free Downloads
40 minPrep Time
⬇ Get Free Downloads

NEET Weightage - Angle of Contact

Surface Tension
NEET YearQuestions from this TopicBarMarks
NEET 20240
 
0 Q
0
NEET 20230
 
0 Q
0
NEET 20220
 
0 Q
0
NEET 20210
 
0 Q
0
NEET 20200
 
0 Q
0
NEET 20190
 
0 Q
0
Total (2019-2024)0 0
Angle of contact is measured inside the liquid at the point where the liquid surface touches the solid.
Acute angle gives a concave meniscus and wetting, right angle gives a plane meniscus, and obtuse angle gives a convex meniscus and non-wetting.

Its value is characteristic of the liquid-solid pair and the surrounding medium, not of how the wall is tilted.

Young's equation links the observed angle to the three interfacial tensions at solid-air, solid-liquid, and liquid-air interfaces.
📊
0.0
Avg Questions / Year
🎯
0
Total Marks (6 yrs)
📈
Direct
Pattern
⚠️
Easy-Medium
Difficulty

Angle of Contact Strategy for NEET

1

Measure the angle inside the liquid The definition is easy to distort in a diagram. Always locate the tangent to the liquid surface and read the angle inside the liquid, not outside the drop or outside the tube.

2

Translate the angle into wetting behaviour Acute means the liquid wets the solid and climbs the wall, while obtuse means it does not wet the solid and the meniscus becomes convex.

3

Use standard examples as anchors Water-glass, water-silver, and mercury-glass are the common reference pairs in this OCR block, so memorise the sign of the angle before memorising the approximate values.

4

Keep the force-resultant picture ready The meniscus shape follows the resultant of adhesion and cohesion because the free surface adjusts perpendicular to that resultant. This explains the geometry instead of leaving it as a list.

5

Treat impurity and temperature changes as trend questions The OCR states that angle of contact decreases with increasing temperature, decreases with soluble impurities, and increases with partially soluble impurities. Those are common one-line objective checks.

Angle of Contact Study Materials

PDF · Cheat Sheet · MCQ Set · PYQ
📘
Full Notes - Angle of Contact
Complete notes on definition, wetting classification, standard contact-angle examples, and the adhesion-cohesion explanation of meniscus shape.
2 subtopicsExample pairsYoung equation
Download Notes
📗
Formula Sheet - Angle of Contact
Compact sheet for Young's equation, angle ranges, wetting outcomes, and the force-resultant logic behind meniscus curvature.
cos theta relationAcute vs obtuseTrend facts
Download Formula Sheet
📙
MCQ Practice Questions - Angle of Contact
Application questions on wetting, meniscus identification, and changes caused by temperature or impurities.
4 core MCQsStatement trapsDiagram reading
Download MCQ Set
📒
Previous Year Questions (PYQ) - Angle of Contact
Revision-focused set that mirrors the standard exam questions on water, mercury, and the sign of the angle of contact.
Quick revisionCommon pairsSurface tension link
Download PYQ Set

Angle of Contact Subtopics

2-Column Table
Column AColumn B
Definition and Classification↗
Shape of Liquid Meniscus↗

Rapid Revision - Angle of Contact

Concept → Trap → Example

1) Definition and Classification

Measure inside the liquid

Angle of contact is the angle enclosed between the tangents to the liquid surface and the solid surface inside the liquid at the point of contact. Its value lies between 0° and 180° and classifies the meniscus as concave, plane, or convex.

  • If theta < 90°, the liquid wets the solid and the meniscus is concave.
  • If theta = 90°, the meniscus is plane and the liquid does not wet the solid.
  • Do not measure the supplementary angle outside the liquid; that is the most common diagram mistake.
Example (NEET-style)Pure water on glass gives nearly 0°, tap water on glass about 8°, water on silver 90°, and mercury on glass about 138°, so the wetting behaviour changes with the pair.

2) Shape of Liquid Meniscus

Adhesion versus cohesion

The free surface of the liquid adjusts itself at right angles to the resultant force produced by adhesion and cohesion near the wall. That resultant decides whether the meniscus is concave upward, horizontal, or convex upward.

  • Greater effective adhesion pulls the liquid up the wall and produces a concave meniscus.
  • Balanced geometry gives a plane meniscus.
  • Students often memorise the shape but forget that the wall-liquid force balance is the physical reason for it.
Example (NEET-style)Water in a glass capillary forms a concave upward meniscus, while mercury in glass forms a convex upward meniscus because cohesion dominates over adhesion in the second case.

US Curriculum Gaps - Angle of Contact

What U.S. Students Usually Miss

Introductory fluid units usually stop at the qualitative meniscus picture

NEET expects exact classification by angle range, memorised examples for common liquid-solid pairs, and direct use of Young's equation, not just a vague statement that water climbs glass.

  • Link acute angle directly with wetting and concavity.
  • Keep common pairs ready for rapid elimination in MCQs.

Interfacial-tension balance is not always taught as an exam relation

Young's equation, cos theta = (TSA - TSL)/TLA, is often omitted from basic classroom treatments, but this chapter uses it to connect the observed angle with actual interface tensions.

  • Recognise that a larger TSL tends to increase theta.
  • Use the relation to reason about spreading and non-wetting cases.

Concept IQ Check - Angle of Contact

4 NEET-style MCQs with Answers
1For a liquid that wets the wall of a capillary tube, the angle of contact isDefinition and Classification
greater than 90°
equal to 90°
less than 90°
always 180°
The OCR classifies theta < 90° as the case of a concave meniscus where the liquid wets the solid surface. Theta = 90° corresponds to a plane meniscus and no wetting, while theta > 90° gives a convex meniscus and non-wetting. Hence only the acute-angle option matches the wetting condition.
2Which liquid-solid pair from the OCR gives an obtuse angle of contact?Definition and Classification
Pure water and glass
Tap water and glass
Water and silver
Mercury and glass
The OCR explicitly lists theta = 138° for mercury and glass, which is greater than 90° and therefore obtuse. Pure water and glass gives about 0°, tap water and glass about 8°, and water and silver 90°. This makes mercury-glass the only listed pair with a convex meniscus and non-wetting behaviour.
3Angle of contact does not depend onDefinition and Classification
the surrounding medium
the liquid-solid pair
the inclination of the solid in the liquid
temperature
According to the OCR, angle of contact is particular for a given pair of liquid and solid and also depends on the surrounding medium. It also decreases with increasing temperature. The text separately states that it does not depend upon the inclination of the solid in the liquid, so option 3 is the correct statement.
4Young's equation for angle of contact isShape of Liquid Meniscus
cos theta = (TSA - TSL)/TLA
cos theta = (TLA - TSA)/TSL
cos theta = (TSL - TLA)/TSA
cos theta = TLA/(TSA + TSL)
The OCR writes the equilibrium relation for shape of drops as TSL + TLA cos theta = TSA, which rearranges to cos theta = (TSA - TSL)/TLA. The other options either interchange the interface tensions or invent a form that does not follow from the balance at the contact line. This equation is useful because it converts interfacial-tension reasoning into a measurable contact angle.

Practice Questions - Angle of Contact

Click "Reveal Answer" after attempting
1A liquid in a capillary tube forms a convex meniscus. What can you conclude about its angle of contact?
theta < 90°
theta = 90°
theta > 90°
theta = 0°
👁 Reveal Answer
Correct option: 3. A convex meniscus corresponds to a non-wetting liquid, so the angle of contact is obtuse, i.e. greater than 90°. The acute-angle option belongs to wetting liquids and gives a concave meniscus, while theta = 90° produces a plane meniscus.
2Why does water in a clean glass tube show capillary rise while mercury in glass shows depression?
Because water has no cohesion and mercury has no adhesion
Because water has acute angle of contact and mercury has obtuse angle of contact
Because mercury has lower density only
Because glass changes the value of g
👁 Reveal Answer
Correct option: 2. Water wets glass, so its angle of contact is acute and the meniscus is concave, leading to rise in a capillary. Mercury does not wet glass, so its angle of contact is obtuse and the meniscus is convex, producing depression. Density alone does not determine the direction of rise or fall.
3What happens to the angle of contact of a given liquid-solid pair when temperature is increased according to the OCR?
It increases
It decreases
It remains constant
It first increases and then decreases
👁 Reveal Answer
Correct option: 2. The OCR explicitly states that on increasing the temperature, angle of contact decreases. This is one of the standard one-line trend facts from the chapter, similar to the impurity-based changes that follow just after it.
4A student measures the angle outside the liquid instead of inside the liquid. What is the consequence?
No consequence because both angles are the same
The student reads the supplementary angle and may reverse the wetting classification
The surface tension becomes zero
The meniscus becomes plane
👁 Reveal Answer
Correct option: 2. The definition specifically says the angle is measured inside the liquid. If you measure outside, you are effectively reading the supplementary angle. That can turn an acute contact angle into an obtuse-looking one and completely reverse the correct inference about wetting and meniscus shape.

NEET Physics Revision Checklist

Check off chapters as you revise

Use this section for quick chapter tracking before mocks, part tests, and final NEET revision.

Tip: Mark a chapter complete only after revising formulas, solving PYQs, and reviewing your error log for that chapter.

Angle of Contact FAQs

Notes · Downloads · Revision · Important Questions
Why is the angle of contact measured inside the liquid?
That is the convention built into the definition of the contact line geometry. Measuring it inside the liquid makes the classification consistent with wetting behaviour: acute for wetting, right angle for neutral, and obtuse for non-wetting. Measuring it outside gives the supplementary angle and can reverse the interpretation.
Why does water wet glass but mercury does not?
For water and glass, adhesion between the liquid and the solid is strong enough to make the contact angle acute, so water spreads on the wall and forms a concave meniscus. For mercury and glass, cohesion within mercury dominates over adhesion to glass, giving an obtuse angle and a convex meniscus.
Can the same liquid have different contact angles on different solids?
Yes. The OCR states that the value is particular for a given pair of liquid and solid and also depends on the surrounding medium. So water on glass, water on silver, and water on chromium do not need to share the same contact angle because the interfacial interactions are different.
Why is a plane meniscus associated with theta = 90°?
A plane meniscus means the surface is locally horizontal at the wall, which corresponds to the geometric condition theta = 90°. In the force picture, this is the limiting case where the resultant direction makes the free surface neither climb nor dip at the wall, so the liquid does not wet the solid.
How does Young's equation help in objective questions?
Young's equation connects the measured contact angle with three interface tensions, so it lets you reason about whether the angle should be acute or obtuse when a solid-liquid interface becomes more or less favourable. Even if no numerical values are given, the sign of TSA - TSL tells you how cos theta behaves.
Does tilting the capillary tube change the contact angle?
No. The OCR clearly states that angle of contact does not depend upon the inclination of the solid in the liquid. Tilting the tube can change the orientation of the meniscus in space, but it does not change the local liquid-solid interaction that fixes theta for that pair.
Why do soluble and partially soluble impurities affect the angle differently?
Because impurities modify the relative interface energies at the contact line. The OCR summarises the trend directly: soluble impurities decrease the angle of contact, while partially soluble impurities increase it. In NEET this is usually tested as a factual trend rather than a long derivation question.
What is the most common mistake in angle-of-contact diagrams?
Students often identify the correct meniscus but mark the wrong angle, typically the angle outside the liquid. The second common error is to remember the water-glass case but then extend the same wetting conclusion to mercury-glass, which actually gives an obtuse contact angle and a convex meniscus.
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Definition and Classification

Shape of Liquid Meniscus

Subtopics

Definition and Classification

Shape of Liquid Meniscus

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Angle of Contact > Shape of Liquid Meniscus
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